The changing linguistic codes in Hausa hip-hop songs

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32690/SALC57.9

Keywords:

code switching, Hausa hip-hop, language choice, linguistic codes, lyrics

Abstract

The objective of this article is to examine the use of varying linguistic codes in the lyrics of the Hausa hip-hop songs. It discovers that Hausa hip-hop singers switch languages, drawing inspiration from global hip-hop classics (African-Americans) and Nigerian hip-hop to signal socio-cultural awareness and the complex weave of contemporary hip-hop music culture. It also reveals that the singers construct their lyrics by combining Hausa and English with a little influence from Arabic and native languages (mostly Nigerian Pidgin English and Yoruba) to create a distinct soundscape for their music. It also reveals switching strategies at inter-sentence and intra-sentence levels resulting in the discursive constructions appropriate for the expressed message.

References

Abbas, U.A. 2014. “Code-switching in Hausa film songs”. Endangered languages in Nigeria: Structure and policy: A festschrift in honour of M.K.M Galadanci, ed. by M.A. Yusuf, B.A. Salim & A. Bello. Kano: BUK Press. 599-604.

Abdulkadir, M. 2018. Aspect of Hausa-Kanuri code-switching: A case of Nguru central market. Unpublished MA Thesis. Department of Linguistics and Foreign Languages, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.

Abdullahi, M.S. 2018. Code-switching in English classes at tertiary institutions in Kano. Unpublished MA Thesis. Department of Linguistics and Foreign Languages, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.

Abubakar, B. 2018. Use of Hausa-Fulfulde code-switching in Muri. Unpublished MA Thesis. Department of Nigerian Languages, Usmanu Danfodio University, Sokoto, Nigeria.

Adamu, A.U. 2019a. “Hausa popular music: Northern Nigeria”. Bloomsbury encyklopedia of popular music of the world. Genres: Sub-Saharan Africa, ed. by D. Horn, J. Shepherd, G. Kielich & H. Feldman. London: Bloomsbury. 168-178.

Adamu, A.U. 2019b. “Hip-hop in Nigeria: Hausa rap”. Bloomsbury encyclopedia of popular music of the world. Genres: Sub-Saharan Africa, ed. by D. Horn, J. Shepherd, G. Kielich & H. Feldman. London: Bloomsbury. 258-260.

Adamu, A.U. 2021a. “Inclusive rapport: Nation, language and identity in Nigeriene and Nigerian Hausa rap music”. Crossings and comparisons in African literary and cultural studies, ed. by P.M. Chiangong & S. Gehrmann. Germany: WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag. 153-174.

Adamu, A.U. 2021b. “Popular culture in Muslim Africa”. Handbook of Islam in Africa,ed. by T. Østebø. New York: Routledge. 281-292.

Adamu, A.U. 2007. Transglobal media flows and African popular culture: Revolutions and reaction in Muslim Hausa popular culture. Kano: Visually Ethnographic Productions.

Akande, A. 2013. “Code-switching in Nigerian hip-hop lyrics”. Language Matters 44(1). 39-57.

Alim, H.S., A. Ibrahim & A. Pennycook. 2009. Global linguistics flows: Hip-hop culturems, youth identities and the politics of language. New York: Routledge.

Aminu, B.D. 2011. “Code-switching in the Kano State House of Assembly”. FAIS Journal of Humanities, Bayero University 5(1). 1-14.

Amuda, A.A. 1996. “Yoruba/English conversational code-switching as a conversational strategy”. African Languages and Cultures 7(2). 121-131.

Androutsopoulos, J. 2009. “Language and the three spheres of hip-hop”. Global linguistics flows: Hip-hop cultures, youth identities and the politics of language, ed. by H.S. Alim, A. Ibrahim & A. Pennycook. New York: Routledge. 43-62.

Andy, B. 2000. Popular music and youth culture: Music, identity and place. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Asante, M.K. 2009. It’s bigger than hip-hop: The rise of the post-hip-hop generation. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin.

Babalola, E.T. & R. Taiwo. 2009. “Code-switching in contemporary Nigerian hip-hop music”. Otupale Online Journal of African Studies 1. 1-26.

Balogun, S. & M.M. Oladayo. 2021. “Code-switching and code mixing in the selected tracks of the hip-hop music of Flavour and 9ice”. International Journal of English and Comparative Literary Studies 2(3). 55-70.

Bamiro, E. 1991. “The social and functional power of Nigerian English”. World Englishes 10(3). 275-286.

Beck, R.M. 2010. “Urban languages in Africa”. Africa Spectrum 45(3). 11-41.

Bloomert, A., P. Griffiths & A. Merrison. 2005. Introducing language in use – a course book. New York: Routledge.

Brown, B. & G. Yule. 1983. Discourse analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bunza, A.M. 2019. “Hausa da Hausawa a duniyar ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya: Amsa kiran Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UN) ga Ranar Hausa ta duniya” [Hausa and Hausas in the 21st century world: A response to the appeal of the Organisation of United Nations on the ocassion of The International Hausa Day]. Algaita Journal of Current Research in Hausa Studies 12(2). 15-30.

Chamo, I.Y. 2023. “A study on the use of code-switching in Ɗanƙwairo’s selected oral songs”. Studies on the poetic dynasty of Musa Ɗanƙwairo Maradun, mai turu ƙanen makaɗa Kurna: Proceedings of the 30 Years Commemorative Conference on Musa Ɗanƙwairo Maradun, ed. by S.M. Gusau, A. Magaji, I.G. Satatima, I.Y. Chamo & M. Ammani. Kano: WT Press. 54-65.

Chamo, I.Y. 2012. “Hausa-English code-switching in Kannywood films”. International Journal of Linguistics 4(2). 87-96. Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v4i2.1766 [10.09.2023].

Clark, M.K. 2013. “The struggle for the hip-hop authenticity and against commercialization in Tanzania”. Journal of Pan-African Studies 6(3). 5-21.

Cundiff, G. 2013. “The influence of Hip-hop music: A mixed method analysis on audiencje perceptions of misogynistic lyrics and the issue of domestic violence”. Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications 4. 71-93.

Dörnyei, Z. 2011. Research methods in applied linguistics: Quantitative, qualitative and mixed methodologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Feld, S. 1974. “Linguistic models in ethnomusicology”. Ethnomusicology 18. 197-217.

Fenn, J. & A. Perullo. 2000. “Language choices and hip-hop in Tanzania and Malawi”. Popular Music and Society 24(3). 73-93.

Freeman, L.C. & A.P. Merriam. 1956. Statistical classification in anthropology: An application to ethnomusicology. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois & University of Wisconsin.

Gambo I.G. 2017. Fulfulde-Hausa code-switching among Fulani youths in Sule Tankarkar Local Government Area. Unpublished MA Thesis. Department of Linguistics and Foreign Languages, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.

Gay, L.R., G.E. Mills & P.W. Airasian. 2006. Educational research: Competencies for analysis and application. Boston, USA: Addison Wesley Publishing.

Gbogi, M.T. 2016. “Language, identity and urban youth subculture: Nigerian hip hop music as an exemplar”. Pragmatics 26(2). 171-195.

Gusau, S.M. 2019. Diwanin waƙoƙin baka, juzu’i na huɗu: Waƙoƙin Alhaji Musa Ɗanƙwairo Maradun (1909-1991) Sarkin Kiɗan Sarkin Maradun Jihar Zamfara [An anthology of oral songs. Part four: Songs of Alhaji Musa Ɗanƙwairo Maradun (1909-1991), Chief of Musicians of the Emir of Maradun, Zamfara State]. Kano: Century Research and Publishing Limited.

Gusau, S.M. 2023. “Tarihin rayuwa da halifofin Makaɗa Alhaji Musa Ɗanƙwairo Maradun a aiwatarwa da sadar da waƙoƙin baka na Hausa” [Biography and successor musicians of Alhaji Musa Ɗanƙwairo Maradun in the compositions and performances of Hausa oral songs]. Studies on the poetic dynasty of Musa Ɗanƙwairo Maradun, mai turu ƙanen Makaɗa Kurna: Proceedings of the 30 Years Commemorative Conference on Musa Ɗanƙwairo Maradun, ed. by S.M. Gusau, A. Magaji, I.G. Satatima, I.Y. Chamo & M. Ammani. Kano: WT Press. 4-27.

Harkness, G. 2013. “Gangs and gangsta rap in Chicago: A microscenes perspective”. Poetics 41. 151-176.

Haruna, A., A.A. Christopher & R. Halim. 2016. “Code-mixing as a sociolinguistic device in Hausa contemporary literature”. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research 3(3). 154-161.

Humphrey, S.L. & D. Economou. 2015. “Peeling the onion: A textual model of critical analysis”. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 17. 37-50.

Ian, C. 2006. Hip-hop Japan: Rap and the paths of cultural globalization. Berkeley: University Press Books.

Ibrahim, M.T. 2018. A sociolinguistics study of the use of Hausa-English code-switching among Hausa Islamic Preachers. Unpublished MA Thesis. Department of Linguistics and Foreign Languages, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.

Johnstone, B. 2008. Discourse analysis. USA: Blackwell Publishing Limited.

Kachru, Y. 1989. “Code‐mixing, style repertoire and language variation: English in Hindi poetic creativity”. World Englishes 8(3). 311-319.

Kachru, B. 1997. “World Englishes and English-using communities”. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics: Multilingualism 17. 66-87.

Kraśniewski, M. 2016. In da Haus: A story of hip-hop and oral literature in Hausa society. Warsaw: IKSiO PAN.

Kunst, J. 1955. Ethnomusicology: A study of its nature, its problems, methods and representative personalities to which is added a bibliography. Netherlands: The Hague.

Lawan, M.S. 2019. Hausa-English code-switching among students of Sule Lamido University,Kafin Hausa. Unpublished MA Thesis. Department of Linguistics and Foreign Languages, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.

Liadi, O.F. 2012. “Linguistic codes and hip-hop consumption in Nigeria: Accounting for the local acceptance of a global phenomenon”. Africa Spectrum 47(1). 3-19.

Liadi, O.F. & A.O. Omobowale. 2016. “Music multilingualism and hip-hop consumption among youths in Nigeria”. Global Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 5(2). 1-9.

McLain-Jesperson, S.N. 2014. Had shʿer haute gamme, high technology: An application of the MLF and 4-M models to French-Arabic code-switching in Algerian hip-hop. Unpublished MA Thesis. Portland State University, Oregon, USA.

McLean, M. 2010. “Music, dance and the Polynesian origins: The audience from POC and PPn”. Occasional papers in Pacific ethnomusicology 8. (Archive of Maori and Pacific music). New Zealand: University of Auckland.

Medubi, O. 2009. A cross-cultural study of silence in Nigeria: An ethnolinguistics approach. Unpublished MA Thesis. University of Ilorin, Nigeria.

Merriam, A.P. 1964. The anthropology of music. Evanston, Illinois: North-Western University Press.

Mika’ilu, S.S. 2015. Yoruba-English code-switching in Federal College of Education. Unpublished BA Thesis. Department of Linguistics and Foreign Languages, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.

Musa, A. 2014. “Changing codes in Hausa songs: A sociolinguistic study of code-switching in some Hausa modern songs: Technopop, hip-hop and rap music”. Garkuwan Adabin Hausa: A Festschrift in Tribute to Abdulƙadir Ɗangambo, ed. by S.M. Gusau, M.A.Z. Sani, H.A. Birniwa, I. Mukhtar, A. Mu’azu & J.S. Adamu. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press. 63-66.

Nettl, B. 2010. Music education and ethnomusicology: A (usually) harmonious relationship. Keynote address at the 29th Meeting of International Society for Music Education (ISME), China: Beijing.

Omoniyi, T. 2006. “Hip-hop through the world Englishes lens: A response to globalization”. World Englishes: Symposium on world Englishes in popular culture, ed. by J.S. Lee & Y. Kachru 25(2). 195-208.

Omoniyi, T. 2009. “So I choose to do am Naija style: Hip-hop, language and postcolonial identities”. Global linguistic flows: hip-hop cultures, youth identities, and the politics of language, ed. by S.H. Alim, A. Ibrahim & A. Pennycook. New York: Routledge. 113-135.

Pettan, S. 2010. “Applied ethnomusicology: Bridging research in action”. Music and Art in Action 2(2). 90-93.

Potter, R.A. 1995. Spectacular vernaculars: Hip-hop and the politics of postmodernism. New York: State University of New York Press.

Rice, T. 1987. “Towards the remodelling of ethnomusicology”. Journal of Ethnomusicology and Responses 31(3). 469-88.

Sami, K.S. 2019. Fulfulde-Hausa code-switching among Fulani youth in Kukar Dila. Unpublished BA Thesis. Department of Linguistics and Foreign Languages, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.

Sani, H.M. 2019. “Code-switching in contemporary Nigerian hip-hop music”. MAJOLLS: Maiduguri Journal of Linguistics and Literary Studies XVI(1). 59-79.

Sankoff, D., W. Labov & A. Kroch. 1989. Language variation and change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sapir, E. 1921. Language: An introduction to the study of speech. San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, and Co.

Sarkar, M., L. Winer & K. Sarkar. 2005. “Multilingual code-switching in Montreal hip-hop, Mayhen Meets Method or ‘Tout moun qui talk trash kiss mon black ass du nord’. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism, ed. by J. Cohen, K.T. McAlister, K. Rolstad & J. MacSwan. USA: Cascadilla Press. 2057-2074.

Sekaran, U. & R. Bougie. 2013. Research methods for business: A skill-building approach. USA: Wiley & Sons Publishing.

Smitherman, G. 1997. “The chain remain the same: Communicative practices in the hip-hop nation”. Journal of Black Studies 28(1). 3-25.

Souza, A.M. 2012. “Globalizing locations: Production-consumption relations in hip-hop movement in Brazil and Portugal”. International Review of Social Research 2(1). 77-92.

Stepankova, B.B. 2012. “The analysis of contemporary cultural policy in the Czech Republic”. Janacek Academy of Music and Performing Art.

Taylor, T.D. 1997. Global pop: World music world markets. New York: Routledge.

Usman, B. 2014. Language disappearance and cultural diversity in Biu Emirate. Abuja: Klamidas Communication Limited Publishing.

Westinen, E. 2014. The discursive construction of authenticity: Resources, scales and polycentricity in Finnish hip-hop culture. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Faculty of Humanities, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.

Zulyadaini, B. 2023. “Falsafar surki cikin wasu waƙoƙin Musa Ɗanƙwairo” [The philosophy of codeswitching in selected songs by Musa Ɗanƙwairo]. Studies on the poetica dynasty of Dusa Ɗanƙwairo Maradun, mai turu ƙanen Makaɗa Kurna: Proceedings of the 30 Years Commemorative Conference on Musa Ɗanƙwairo Maradun, ed. by S.M. Gusau, A. Magaji, I.G. Satatima, I.Y. Chamo & M. Ammani. Kano: WT Press. 29-41.

Downloads

Published

2023-12-15

How to Cite

Anas Sa'idu Muhammad. (2023). The changing linguistic codes in Hausa hip-hop songs. Studies in African Languages and Cultures, (57), 193–217. https://doi.org/10.32690/SALC57.9

Issue

Section

Articles